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Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
The Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism made Iran the spiritual bastion of Shia Islam against the onslaughts of Sunni Islam, and the repository of Persian cultural traditions and self-awareness of Iranianhood, acting as a bridge to modern Iran. It also ensured the dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaydiyyah and Ismaili sects – each of whom had previously experienced their own eras of dominance within Shiism. Through their actions, the Safavids reunified Iran as an independent state in 1501 and established Twelver Shiism as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam.
As a direct result, the population of the territory of present-day Iran and neighbouring Azerbaijan were converted to Shia Islam at the same time in history.〔(The Caspian: politics, energy and security, By Shirin Akiner, pg.158 )〕 Both nations still have large Shia majorities, and the Shia percentage of Azerbaijan's population is second only to that in Iran.〔Juan Eduardo Campo,''Encyclopedia of Islam'', p.625〕
==Pre-Safavid Iran==
Iran’s population was mostly Sunni of the Shafi`i〔(The golden age of Islam, By Maurice Lombard, pg.Xiv )〕 and Hanafi legal rites until the triumph of the Safavids (who had initially been Shafi`i Sufis themselves).〔"Iran: Safavid Period", Encyclopedia Iranica by Hamid Algar. Excerpt: "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafe‘ite in school and probably Kurdish in origin."〕 Ironically, this was to the extent that up until the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire (the most powerful and prominent Sunni state and future arch-enemy of the Shia Safavids) used to send many of its Ulema (Islamic scholars) to Iran to further their education in Sunni Islam, due to a lack of Madrasahs (Islamic schools) within the Empire itself.〔The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600, by Halil Inalcik, pg.167.〕 The Sunni Iranians had always held the family of Muhammad in high esteem.〔(Timurids in transition: Turko-Persian politics and acculturation in Medieval ..., By Maria Subtelny, pg.62 )〕 In contrast, before the Safavid period, a minority of Iranians were Shia and there had been relatively few Shia Ulema in Iran.〔(Islam, continuity and change in the modern world, By John Obert Voll, pg.80 )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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